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来源:环球雅思
小编:小棉袄 212在教学过程中,南京环球教育田倩老师时常听见正在备考雅思的“烤鸭们”抱怨雅思阅读文章太长,题目也不容易做,即便在记忆了很多词汇量、掌握了一些做题技巧、做了许多题目之后依然正确率不高。究其原因,除去雅思阅读文章偏长、涉及话题偏广、题型丰富多样的因素以外,还有一个重要的影响因素便是雅思考官出题的考察手法之一,即同近义替换的原因。试问,雅思阅读高频题型,如List of Headings(主旨配对),是非无判断,摘要填空,Matching(细节配对),单选题,哪一种题型无不或多或少,或深或浅得涉及到同近义替换的现象。那么现在南京环球教育田倩老师带大家来详细的熟悉在雅思阅读中那些让烤鸭们迷惑的同近义替换。
派生词的替换。
此种替换多出现与词性的转换,考察难度不大,烤鸭们即使在有生词的情况下出现,只需识别词缀的变换即可。
Example: Cambridge7,Test3,Passage1中的Q8和Q9(有词库的摘要填空): They use their own natural 8...........as weed-killers and also use unwanted materials as 9..........此题通过weed定位到第五段的最后一句话,对应原文“Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as ‘weed’, and spread waste to fertilise the crop.”答案即是secrete 和 fertilise 的派生词“secretions”和“fertilizers”, 选项M和F便是答案。
同近义词和词组的替换。
Example(1): Cambridge4,Test4,Passage3中的Q38(是非无判断):In the OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years. 此题对应原文Section E的第二句话,“The second set of more specific changes that led to the present concern..., accmpanied by large-scale demographic and social changes....”题目中的除了有had an impact on对应原文中的led to ,还有population 对应原文中的 demographic(人口统计学的),故此题判断TRUE.
Example(2): Cambridge4,Test3,Passage3中的Q37(摘要填空):A linguist can use a corpus to comment objectively on 37...... 此题由 copus 定位到原文G段的第二句话A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage ,...由此可见,“comment objectively on ”对应原文的“make unbiased statements about”,因此requency of usage就是答案。
方向一致的近义替换。
有些时候我们在找到原文对应答案的出处后,但有些替换不见得能够找出英语与中文的一一对应,但方向一致、意义相近也是考官的一种出题手法,如剑桥中就出现过“beneficial”和“creativity”的替换。
Example: Cambridge7,Test,2Passage2中的Q18(是非无):Several
species of wildlife in British countryside are declining. 对应原文B段第二句话 In Britain, ,many of our best-loved farmland birds,...,have vanished from huge stretches of countryside. 此题中的考点词 declining 对应原文中的 have vanished, 倘若考生还把vanish理解成“消失”的意思话就错误了,其实这两个词都表示减少下降的趋势,故此题判断为YES。
上下义词间的替换。
Example: Cambridge4,TestPassage1中的Q9(填空):Yessis links an inadequate diet diet to......... 此题通过“diet(饮食)”去原文定位,考生发现找不到,但如果留心到原文中的第五段中的nutrition(营养)和 minerals(矿物质),此题就不攻而破了,答案为 injuries。本题还有inadequate 和deficiency(不充足)的替换。此外,剑桥中还有 car/truck 和 vehicle;gestures 和body language 之间的替换.
具体到抽象概念的概括。
此类的替换常见于配对题,尤其是段落细节信息匹配题。
Example(1): Cambridge4,Test2,Passage3中的Q29:a description of the physical hazard that can accompany play.此答案对应原文第一段的第三句话"For a start, play can even cost animals their lives,. Eighty per cent of deaths among juvenile fur seals occur because playing pups fails to spot predators approaching." 可以看出题目中的"hazard"就是对原文对应句的概括。
Example(2): Cambridge8,Test1,Passage1中的Q2(段落信息细节配对题):an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming communities.答案对应原文第二段"For those living near the equator..........Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year become more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.''。段中的 "equator", "lower latitudes", "northern climes''就是题目中geography具体的相关对应词。
通过以上的分析,“烤鸭们”应该大致明白考官的出题手法了。南京环球教育田倩老师建议广大考生们认真详细的做好做题后的总结工作,祝大家早日踏上留学的征程!